¹Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, L7R 4A6 Canada
²Plankton Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada


*Corresponding author: mohi.munawar@dfo-mpo.gc.ca

Abstract

   The structure and function of the microbial food web of Lake Ontario was assessed at 15 stations distributed across 4 transects during the spring and summer of 2003. This was the first major binational study of Lake Ontario since the Lake Ontario Trophic Transfer (LOTT) initiative of 1990. The microbial loop (bacteria, autotrophic picoplankton (APP), heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF), ciliates) and phytoplankton, were enumerated microscopically in addition to measurements of chlorophyll a, size fractionated primary productivity (¹⁴C) and bacterial growth (³H). HNF dominated the total biomass in spring (˜ 300 mg m^-3) and summer (˜ 1250 mg m^-3). The size of the organic carbon pool increased from ˜ 90 mg C m^-3 in spring to ˜ 270 mg C m^-3 with HNF being the largest single contributor (41% in spring; 52% in summer), however the net balance of the organic carbon pool shifted from autotrophic in the spring to heterotrophic in the summer. The available evidence suggests that HNF are a poor quality food resource for zooplankton and it is likely that the carbon sequestered by HNF is not available to higher trophic levels resulting in dietary stress for planktivores. The implications of high HNF for both organic carbon cycling and maintaining healthy fisheries needs further research. Independent observations show that oligotrophic conditions prevail as evidenced by low phosphorus, low chlorophyll a, low plankton and high water clarity, conditions which have been generally regarded as the gold standard for managing healthy lakes. Lake Ontario is oligotrophic and healthy from a water quality perspective, as is Lake Superior. But from a web dynamics point of view, Lake Ontario appears to be unhealthy due to the dominance of HNF, low zooplankton and poor quality of food available to higher trophic levels. We hypothesize that the lake’s poor health is attributable to inefficient energy transfer from lower to higher trophic levels. The traditional understanding of trophic state based mainly on water quality criteria needs to be redefined by the inclusion of food web and fisheries based metrics.